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Clear and hold
Clear and hold is a counter-insurgency strategy in which military personnel clear an area of guerrillas or other insurgents, then keep the area clear of insurgents while winning the support of the populace for the government and its policies. As defined by the United States Army, "clear and hold" contains three elements: Civil-military operations, combat operations, and information warfare.〔U.S. Army, ''Counterinsurgency Operations,'' 2004, p. 3–11.〕 Only highly strategic areas are initially chosen for "clear and hold" operations; once these are secure, the operation gradually spreads to less strategic areas until the desired geographic unit (county, province, nation) is under control.〔U.S. Army, ''Counterinsurgency Operations,'' 2004, p. 3–12.〕 Once an area has been cleared, local police (rather than military) authority is re-established and government authority re-asserted.〔U.S. Army, ''Counterinsurgency Operations,'' 2004, p. 3–13.〕
==Development and critical elements==
The clear and hold strategy was first developed by Sir Robert Thompson and the British Army during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960.〔Joes, ''America and Guerrilla Warfare,'' 2004, p. 254; see also, generally, Thompson, ''Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences from Malaya and Vietnam,'' 1978.〕〔Thompson invented the term. See: Marston and Malkasian, "Introduction," in ''Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare,'' 2008, p. 14.〕 It was also widely employed by the British during the Mau Mau Uprising of 1952–1960.〔Collins, ''Military Strategy,'' 2002, p. 187.〕 The strategy was also implemented by General Creighton Abrams as part of the "pacification" effort conducted by the Republic of Vietnam and the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War (at which time the strategy became widely known).〔Tuohy, "Ky's Army Switches to Pacification Role," ''Los Angeles Times,'' November 6, 1966; "South Viet Nam: To Clear & to Hold," ''Time,'' March 27, 1964.〕 Clear and hold has also been used as a counter-insurgency tactic in Algeria, Greece, the Philippines, and South Korea.〔Joes, ''The War for South Viet Nam, 1954–1975,'' 2001, p. 63.〕 The strategy was used extensively by the United States and its allies in the Iraq War.〔Ignatius, "A Better Strategy For Iraq," ''Washington Post,'' November 4, 2005; West, ''The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics, and the Endgame in Iraq,'' 2009, p. 110.〕
Several critical elements of the clear and hold strategy have been identified. One element is to secure support for the strategy at all levels of the traditional military forces. Experience in Vietnam has shown that traditional military forces dislike the limited role they play in the clear and hold strategy, and may successfully advocate for a more traditional war-making role.〔〔Young, ''The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990,'' 1991, p. 83; Walton, ''The Myth of Inevitable US Defeat in Vietnam,'' 2002, p. 55.〕 Another challenge is that the strategy takes time, which a government may not (for various reasons) have.〔Asprey, ''War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History,'' 2002, p. 831.〕 The strategy also requires significant numbers of on-the-ground "clearing" combat and "holding" police forces.〔Walton, ''The Myth of Inevitable US Defeat in Vietnam,'' 2002, p. 55; Ricks, ''Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq,'' 2006, p. 413.〕 Thompson and others have also argued that clear and hold operations can only be successful by isolating the population from insurgents, but some strategists point out that this can have deleterious effects on public support for the government and its policies.〔Kaiser, ''American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War,'' 2000, p. 170; Gettleman, ''Vietnam and America: A Documented History,'' 1995, p. 210.〕
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